• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Thus damage to the

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  Acknowledgements Introduction Thus, damage to the M344 receptor may produce severe consequences (National Research Council, 1992). Indeed, though the nervous system has several compensatory and adaptive mechanisms, it is vulnerable to toxic insult, due to its inability to regenerate after let

• glycogen phosphorylase br Materials and methods br Results b

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  Materials and methods Results Discussion Numerous studies showed that Na+-K+-ATPase activity and membrane glycogen phosphorylase were decreased in cardiac tissue subjected to IR (Belliard et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2013). In return, treatment that alleviated the progress of IR-related myocar

• The inhibition of ACLY induces an anticancer effect

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  The inhibition of ACLY induces an anticancer effect that has been reported to be involved in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [14], [16], dual blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways [11], and the glycolytic phenotype of tumor

• br Concluding remarks It is clear that

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  Concluding remarks It is clear that a disordered l-arginine homeostasis by changes in arginase, NOS and ADMA activity and expression, is not only vital in the chronic airway diseases, meclozine and COPD, but also seems to play an important role in many co-morbidities. Unknown, however, is whethe

• Protein arrays provide a new approach for the identification

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  Protein arrays provide a new approach for the identification of substrates for several protein-modifying enzymes. For example, protein kinase substrate identification, which constitutes an important aspect of pathway mapping because of the prevalence of these substrates in biological pathways. MacBe

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Amyloid deposit formation

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  Acknowledgments Introduction Amyloid deposit formation is defined by the aggregation of β-sheeted forms of proteins that appear as starch-like amorphous material [1], [2]. Using a Kongo red stain, amyloids show birefringence behavior and an apple-green to reddish multicolor emission. Extracere

• A has been reported to decrease insulin receptors and impair

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  Aβ has been reported to decrease insulin receptors and impair insulin signaling in neurons, preventing phosphorylation of Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), downstream of insulin signaling, and to increase phosphorylation of tau protein causing neurofibrillary tangles (Tokutake et al., 20

• br MHCI peptide editing N terminal extensions and

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  MHCI peptide editing, N-terminal extensions and the peptide loading complex Conventionally, peptide-MHCI binding is thought to require both amino- and carboxyl-termini for stable interaction (Madden, 1995; Bouvier and Wiley, 1994). Peptides with longer than optimal length (10–13 residues) have be

• br The lipoxygenase pathway in vascular

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  The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway in vascular physiology and pathology The mammalian 12- and 15-LOXs have high substrate specificity oxidizing predominantly ω−6 (arachidonic and linoleic acids) but also the ω−3 (docosahexanoic) RG7112 australia [86], [87], [88]. Different LOXs oxidize fatty acids b

• In pancreatic islets we found an increase in

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  In pancreatic islets we found an increase in protein expression of leukocyte 12/15-LO that paralleled the metabolic decline characterized by severe hyperglycemia and reduced islet numbers. Similar increase in 12/15-LO expression by Western blot was found in the control mice, which have a normal meta

• carboxypeptidase AAT enzyme activity was readily detected

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  AAT enzyme activity was readily detected in crude cell-free extracts obtained from berry tissues of all accessions but displayed different substrate selectivities (Fig. 2). Cell-free extracts derived from ‘Muscat Hamburg’ berries showed the highest AAT activity with all alcoholic substrates tested,

• br Effects of BCAAs on glucose

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  Effects of BCAAs on glucose metabolism Insulin plays an exclusive role in regulation of glucose metabolism, and obesity and type 2 diabetes induce hyperinsulinemia due to insulin resistance. Plasma BCAA concentrations are increased by 14–20% in patients with hyperinsulinemia under overnight fasti

• However a high triglyceride level was associated with dement

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  However, a high triglyceride level was associated with dementia in a study with subjects aged ≥65 years (Raffaitin et al., 2009). In another study, the serum triglyceride levels of three different transgenic mouse strains mimicking AD were also evaluated within the progression of the pathology. In o

• br Conflict of interest statement

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  Conflict of interest statement Introduction The global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is expected to increase to 106 million in 2050 from 30 million in 2010 (Brookmeyer et al., 2007), which will further impose a significant economic burden on health systems and society as a whole (Broo

• 242 4 receptor The proposed formulation is however

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  The proposed formulation is, however, challenging to solve since the structured sparsity-inducing norms are non-smooth. In order to solve the new objective function, we consider two different approaches: proximal averaging, which takes the average the solutions from the proximal operator for the ind

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