• FFAR is highly expressed not only in cells

  2022-05-31

  

  FFAR1 is highly expressed not only in β cells but also in α nrf2 keap1 (Segerstolpe et al., 2016), which gives the interesting perspective that 20-HETE may function both as an autocrine and as a paracrine regulator of islet cell function (Figure 1A), i.e., acting in symphony with the many other int

• In contrast to short term effects long term exposure

  2022-05-31

  

  In contrast to short-term effects, long-term exposure of beta cells to FFAs impairs insulin secretion and triggers apoptosis [13]. The deleterious effects of FFAs have been linked to altered glucose/fatty (R)-(+)-Etomoxir sodium salt oxidation cycle [13], decreased NADPH content [14], endoplasmic re

• orexin a The post translational modification O GlcNAcylation

  2022-05-31

  

  The post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation is also dependent upon glucose fluctuations. O-GlcNAcylation has been linked to insulin resistance and glucose toxicity in diabetes and its comorbidities [11]. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic modification tightly regulated by the nutritional sensor UD

• The bFGF induced upregulation of

  2022-05-31

  

  The bFGF-induced upregulation of both GR and MR levels observed in our study raises a question regarding whether the simultaneous augmentation of the two receptors has a physiological and/or medical significance. It has been suggested that MR stimulates intracellular signaling pathways to minimize s

• Beside these studies related to food several groups examined

  2022-05-31

  

  Beside these studies related to food, several groups examined the role of ghrelin in the actions of psychostimulants. Modulation of the ghrelin system and food restriction alter locomotor sensitization, DA release in the NAc, and CPP induced by cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine (Abizaid et al., 201

• A model substance often used in

  2022-05-31

  

  A model substance often used in the studies of oxidative processes in erythrocytes is tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), which, being lipophilic, passes easily across the erythrocyte membrane [9]. In erythrocytes treated with t-BHP (0.1–3mM) for less than 1h, a dramatic decline in the reduced glutath

• The role of GJs in liver fibrogenesis was

  2022-05-31

  

  The role of GJs in liver fibrogenesis was studied recently. Studies showed a significant decrease in liver fibrosis in Cx32 knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Although the mechanism underlying this protective effect of Cx32 deletion is not clear, reduced oxidative stress was suggested as a po

• Ning et al showed that LPC appeared to

  2022-05-30

  

  Ning et al. showed that LPC 18:1 appeared to increase insulin release through both GPR119-dependent and -independent mechanisms (Ning et al., 2008). In our study, we have shown that not only GPR119 but also GPR40 and GPR55 participate in LPC-stimulated insulin secretion (Fig. 4, Fig. 5) and target p

• The ability of GPX and other selenoproteins

  2022-05-30

  

  The ability of GPX4 and other selenoproteins to be selectively induced by ferroptotic stimuli suggests that the stress-induced increase in the transcription of a number of putative, “antioxidant” selenoproteins is an adaptive homeostatic, but insufficient response to prevent cell death in the face o

• br RESULTS br DISCUSSION In this study we found impaired

  2022-05-30

  

  RESULTS DISCUSSION In this study, we found impaired apoptosis in the peripheral blood of RA patients when compared with peripheral blood from normal controls. Our previous studies have shown that the number of CD4 + T 2-Cl-IB-MECA australia increased while regulatory T (Treg) cells diminished

• Receptor activator of NF B ligand RANKL

  2022-05-30

  

  Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulate the generation of osteoclast Telenzepine dihydrochloride [10], [11], [12], [13]. In response to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, osteoclasts then attach to regions of bone undergoing resorpt

• Despite such extensive analysis of Gcn homologs

  2022-05-30

  

  Despite such extensive analysis of Gcn5 homologs, the function of C. albicans Gcn5 (CaGcn5) is not well understood. Therefore, in this study we investigated the role of CaGcn5 in filamentous growth, invasive growth and stress response of C. albicans. We also examined the subcellular distribution of

• br Introduction Chronic hepatitis C CHC caused by hepatitis

  2022-05-30

  

  Introduction Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide [1]. HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have similar routes of transmission, including blood-to-blood contact, sharing of injection equipment, and sex

• Finally a potentially effective therapeutic approach

  2022-05-30

  

  Finally, a potentially effective therapeutic approach is to target the LDH enzymes that mediate bidirectional conversion of pyruvate into lactate. In particular, because LDHA is the predominant isoform expressed in glycolytic tumours, an array of LDHA-targeting compounds have been proposed and valid

• Several studies have proposed that high levels of KYNA

  2022-05-30

  

  Several studies have proposed that high levels of KYNA in the histone demethylase contribute to cognitive dysfunctions presented by patients who suffer from schizophrenia [30], [31], [32], [33]. Considering that: (i) KYNA is a known GPR35 agonist [2], (ii) cognitive impairments in patients with sch

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